Efeitos da suplementação de óleo de abacate sobre o perfil lipídico e índices aterogênicos em intervenção duplo-cego e randomizada em pacientes com síndrome metabólica / Effects of avocado oil supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in a double-blind and randomised intervention in patients with metabolic syndrome

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica é definida como um conjunto de condições clínicas que acometem cerca de 25% da população mundial e 29,6% dos brasileiros. Essa síndrome está relacionada ao aumento dos desfechos cardiovasculares, que podem ser preditos através do perfil lipídico. Compostos bioativos, tais como os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA), são fortes aliados na prevenção desses desfechos. Um alimento importante por conter compostos bioativos e MUFA em abundância é o abacate. Há, porém, poucos estudos avaliando o efeito do óleo puro/virgem de abacate sobre o perfil lipídico em humanos com síndrome metabólica, e seus efeitos sobre os índices aterogênicos inexistem. Objetivo: O estudo buscou avaliar a suplementação de óleo de abacate sobre os níveis lipídicos e índices aterogênicos em pacientes portadores de síndrome metabólica. Método: 31 indivíduos adultos e obesos foram randomizados em grupo controle (óleo de soja) e grupo intervenção (óleo de abacate). Estes foram avaliados nos períodos pré e pós-intervenção (12 semanas) através de anamnese clínica e avaliação nutricional. Resultados: Observou-se que tanto o grupo controle quanto o grupo intervenção tinham a ingestão de lipídeos e gordura saturada maior que o recomendável. Quanto ao perfil lipídico e índices aterogênicos, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os períodos pré e pós. Conclusão: Os resultados podem ter se dado pela ausência do controle alimentar, sobrecarga de medicamentos, duração da intervenção, modo de administração e dose do suplemento. Logo, são necessários estudos futuros sobre os efeitos do óleo de abacate nessa população, que controlem melhor essas variáveis.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is defined as a set of clinical conditions that affect approximately 25% of the world's population and 29.6% of Brazilians. This syndrome is related to increased cardiovascular outcomes, which may be predicted by the lipid profile. Bioactive compounds, such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), are strong allies in preventing these outcomes. Avocado is an important food because it contains abundant bioactive compounds and MUFAs. However, few studies evaluated the effects of pure/virgin avocado oil on the lipid profile in humans with metabolic syndrome, and its effects on atherogenic indices are not known. Objective:This study evaluated avocado oil supplementation on lipid levels and atherogenic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome. Method: Thirty-one obese adults were randomised into a control group (soybean oil) and an intervention group (avocado oil). These groups were evaluated in the pre- and post-intervention periods (12 weeks) via clinical anamnesis and nutritional assessment. Results: The control group and the intervention group had higher intakes of lipids and saturated fat than recommended. For the lipid profile and atherogenic indices, no significant difference was observed between the pre- and postintervention periods. Conclusion: These results may have been due to the absence of dietary control, medication overload, intervention duration, mode of administration and dose of the supplement. Therefore, future studies on the effects of avocado oil are needed in this population to better control these variables.

Bioactive properties of Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae) fruit and leaf extracts / Propriedades bioativas de extratos de folhas e frutos de Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae)

Abstract Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

Resumo Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

Bioactive properties of Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae) fruit and leaf extracts / Propriedades bioativas de extratos de folhas e frutos de Persea lingue Ness (Lauraceae)

Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

Superalimentos: fundamentação científica / Superfoods: scientific basis / Superalimentos: base científica

Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma pesquisa visando a fundamentação científica dos superalimentos. Embora não existam diretrizes oficiais para o que constitui um "superalimento", geralmente está denominação se aplica a produtos alimentícios que contêm grandes quantidades de nutrientes específicos (por exemplo, antioxidantes, vitaminas e minerais). Estes bioativos atuam como potenciais agentes de prevenção e complementam os tratamentos de doenças crônicas como síndrome metabólica, diabetes, hipertensão, inflamações, doenças autoimunes entre outras. Como exemplos de superalimentos, encontram-se os brotos, sementes, vegetais, frutas, cúrcuma, chá verde, algas como a espirulina, alho, gengibre, cacau, pólen, geleia real, mel de abelha, coco e açaí. Nesse sentido, outros estudos poderiam ser realizados para investigar como estão sendo compreendidos os superalimentos dentro do campo científico.

This work aims to carry out research aiming at the scientific foundation of superfoods. While there are no official guidelines for what constitutes a "superfood", this designation generally applies to food products that contain large amounts of specific nutrients (eg, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals). These bioactives act as potential preventive agents and complement treatments for chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, among others. As examples of superfoods, there are sprouts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, turmeric, green tea, algae such as spirulina, garlic, ginger, cocoa, pollen, royal jelly, bee honey, coconut and açaí. In this sense, other studies could be carried out to investigate how superfoods are being understood within the scientific field.

El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una investigación sobre la base científica de los superalimentos. Aunque no existen directrices oficiales sobre lo que constituye un "superalimento", esta denominación se aplica generalmente a los productos alimenticios que contienen grandes cantidades de nutrientes específicos (por ejemplo, antioxidantes, vitaminas y minerales). Estos bioactivos actúan como agentes potenciales para prevenir y complementar los tratamientos de enfermedades crónicas como el síndrome metabólico, la diabetes, la hipertensión, la inflamación, las enfermedades autoinmunes y otras. Como ejemplos de superalimentos, están los germinados, las semillas, las verduras, las frutas, la cúrcuma, el té verde, las algas como la espirulina, el ajo, el jengibre, el cacao, el polen, la jalea real, la miel de abeja, el coco y el acai. En este sentido, se podrían realizar otros estudios para investigar cómo se entienden los superalimentos dentro del ámbito científico.

In vitro inhibitory potential of avocado fruits, Persea americana (Lauraceae) against oxidation, inflammation and key enzymes linked to skin diseases / Inhibidor potencial in vitro de frutos de aguacate, Persea americana (Lauraceae) contra la oxidación, inflamación y enzimas clave vinculadas a enfermedades de la piel

Abstract Introduction: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a member of Lauraceae with one-seeded berry fruit and cultivated in all tropical, subtropical regions in the world and in the Southern coast region of Turkey. Oxidative damage caused by UV can trigger inflammation, resulting in serious inflammatory skin diseases including eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, hyperpigmentation and ageing. Enzyme inhibitors involved in melanogenesis, such as tyrosinase, have been used recently for hyperpigmentation and skin diseases in cosmetic products. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase activities and total polyphenolic contents of the different parts of P. americana fruit. Methods: The fruit was divided into exocarp, mesocarp, seed, and then methanol and n-hexane extracts were prepared. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacities and inhibitory potentials on lipid peroxidation were determined to investigate the antioxidant potentials of the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated by measuring the stabilization level of the human red blood cell membrane. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the samples were determined using mushroom tyrosinase. Results: In general methanol extracts possessed remarkable higher DPPH free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The highest activity was determined in methanol extracts of seed (4.17 ± 0.04 mg/mL) followed by exocarp (5.25 ± 0.05 mg/mL). Overall methanol extracts possessed higher ABTS free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The greatest ABTS free radical scavenging activity was obtained in methanol extracts of seed (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/mL). In the anti-lipid peroxidation assay, the greatest activity was noticed in methanol extracts of seed (7.71 ± 0.36 µg/mL) followed by exocarp (12.12 ± 0.34 µg/mL), while all n-hexane extracts were inactive. Overall methanol extracts exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties than n-hexane extracts. However, the maximum anti-tyrosinase activity was determined in n-hexane extracts of exocarp (0.40 ± 0.01 mg/mL) followed by seed (0.46 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Conclusions: These extracts are promising candidates for use as natural products-based antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in inflammation-related disease, and also anti-tyrosinase properties in dermatological applications.

Resumen Introducción: El aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) es un miembro de Lauraceae, es una baya de una semilla que se cultiva en todas las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo y la región costera sur de Turquía. El daño oxidativo causado por los rayos ultravioleta puede desencadenar inflamación, lo que posteriormente da como resultado enfermedades inflamatorias graves de la piel como eccema, dermatitis seborreica, hiperpigmentación y envejecimiento. Los inhibidores de enzimas implicados en la melanogénesis, como la tirosinasa, se han utilizado recientemente para la hiperpigmentación y enfermedades de la piel en productos cosméticos. Objetivo: Evaluar las actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, antitirosinasas y los contenidos polifenólicos totales de las partes del fruto de P. americana. Métodos: El fruto se dividió en tres partes: exocarpio, mesocarpio y semilla, y se prepararon extractos de metanol y n-hexano. Se determinaron las capacidades de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH y ABTS y los potenciales inhibidores sobre la peroxidación de lípidos para investigar los potenciales antioxidantes de los extractos. Las actividades antiinflamatorias de los extractos se evaluaron midiendo el nivel de estabilización de la membrana de los glóbulos rojos humanos. Las actividades inhibidoras de tirosinasa de las muestras se determinaron utilizando tirosinasa de hongos. Resultados: En general, los extractos de metanol poseían actividades de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH notablemente más altas que los extractos de n-hexano. La actividad más alta se presentó en extractos metanólicos de semilla (4.17±0.04 mg/mL) seguido del exocarpio (5.25±0.05 mg/mL). En general, los extractos de metanol poseían una mayor actividad de eliminación de radicales libres ABTS que los extractos de n-hexano. La mayor actividad captadora de radicales libres de ABTS se obtuvo en extractos metanólicos de semilla (0.03±0.01 mg/mL). En el ensayo de anti-peroxidación lipídica, la mayor actividad se observó en los extractos metanólicos de semillas (7.71±0.36 µg/mL) seguidos del exocarpio (12.12±0.34 µg/mL), mientras que todos los extractos de n-hexano estaban inactivos. En general, los extractos de metanol exhibieron mayores propiedades anti-inflamatorias y antioxidantes que los extractos de n-hexano. Sin embargo, la actividad anti-tirosinasa máxima se determinó en extractos de exocarpio de n-hexano (0.40±0.01 mg/mL) seguido de semillas (0.46±0.01 mg/mL). Conclusiones: Estos extractos son candidatos prometedores como productos naturales debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias para tratar enfermedades relacionadas con la inflamación, y también propiedades antitirosinasas en aplicaciones dermatológicas.

Efecto Inhibitorio de fracciones polifenolicas de la semilla de Persea americana var. Hass sobre el crecimiento de Helicobacter pylori / Inhibitory effect of seed polyphenolic fractions of Persea americana var. Hass on the Helicobacter pylori growth

ntroducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en Colombia y de etiología multifactorial, asociada a factores genéticos del huésped, factores ambientales y el oncopatogeno Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) como el principal factor de riesgo de la enfermedad. El aguacate (Persea americana var. Hass, (P. americana)) posee un alto contenido de polifenoles, con actividad bactericida, antioxidante, anti-ureasa, y antinflamatoria, que a su vez limitan los cambios en el ambiente gástrico que favorecen la colonización de la bacteria y posterior desencadenamiento de la cascada precancerosa. Objetivo: Evaluar la concentración mínima inhibitoria de fracciones polifenolicas de la semilla de P. americana sobre el crecimiento in vitro de H pylori. Resultados: La evaluación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de las tres fracciones obtenidas de la semilla de P. americana en cultivo de H. pylori in vitro, mostró que las fracciones uno y dos inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano a 3000 ppm, mientras que la fracción 3 a 1500 ppm, P< 0,05. Conclusión: Se encontraron tres biofracciones polifenolicas de la semilla P. americana, principalmente constituidas por procianidinas, con actividad antibacterial in vitro de Helicobacter pylori, sin embargo, la fracción tres, de mayor peso molecular, inhibió el crecimiento de manera significativa a una CMI de 1500 ppm, comparada con las fracciones uno y dos.

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the main cause of cancer death in Colombia and of multifactorial etiology, associated with genetic factors of the host, environmental factors and the oncopathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) as the main risk factor of the disease. The avocado (Persea americana var. Hass, (P. americana)) has a high content of polyphenols, with bactericidal, antioxidant, anti-urease, and anti-inflammatory activity, which in turn limit changes in the gastric environment that favor colonization bacteria and subsequent triggering of the precancerous cascade. Objective: To evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of polyphenolic fractions of P. americana seed on the in vitro growth of H pylori. Results: The evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the three fractions obtained from the P. americana seed in H. pylori culture in vitro, showed that fractions one and two inhibited bacterial growth at 3000 ppm, while fraction 3 at 1500 ppm, P <0.05. Conclusion: Three polyphenolic biofractions of the P. americana seed were found, mainly constituted by procyanidins, with in vitro antibacterial activity of Helicobacter pylori, however, fraction three, with a higher molecular weight, significantly inhibited growth at a MIC of 1500 ppm, compared to fractions one and two.

Efeito da suplementação com óleo de avocado (Persea americana Mill) na temperatura superficial corpórea de equinos antes e após exercício em esteira / [Effect of supplementation with avocado oil (Persea americana Mill) on body surface temperature of horses before and after exercise on treadmill]

Oito equinos foram distribuídos em delineamento randomizado cruzado, sendo um grupo sem suplementação (GC) e outro grupo suplementado com óleo de avocado (GOAv) por um período de sete semanas. Ao fim da sexta semana, os animais foram submetidos a teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) e, após sete dias, a teste de baixa intensidade e longa duração (BILD). Após o primeiro ciclo, houve período de descanso "washout" de 30 dias para troca de grupos para o segundo ciclo, que seguiu o protocolo do primeiro. A termorregulação foi avaliada com base na temperatura retal e na temperatura superficial corpórea, obtidas por termografia, de 15 regiões de interesse. A temperatura retal e as imagens termográficas foram obtidas antes, um minuto e 15 minutos após o exercício. Não houve diferença entre os grupos GC e GOAv em nenhum momento. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que a suplementação de 5% da matéria seca (MS) com óleo de avocado por seis e sete semanas não influenciou na termorregulação com base na temperatura superficial corpórea dos equinos submetidos ao teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) e ao exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração (BILD), respectivamente.(AU)

Eight equines were distributed in a randomized crossover design, one control group (CG) without supplementation and another group supplemented (SG) with avocado oil for a period of six weeks. At the end of the sixth week, the animals were submitted to standard exercise test (SET) and after seven days to the low intensity test (LIT). After the first cycle, there was a 30-day washout rest period to exchange groups for the second cycle, which followed the protocol of the first one. Thermoregulation was evaluated based on rectal temperature and body surface temperature of 15 regions of interest obtained by thermography. Rectal temperature and thermographic images were obtained before, one minute and 15 minutes after exercise. There was no difference between the CG and SG at any time. The results obtained in this study revealed that the supplementation of 5% of dry matter with avocado oil for six and seven weeks did not influence the thermoregulation based on the body surface temperature of the horses submitted to SET and LIT, respectively.(AU)

Distribución espacial de antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) en aguacate en el Estado de México, México / Spatial distribution of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) in avocado in the State of Mexico, Mexico

Resumen El aguacate (Persea americana) es una especie cuyo cultivo es de gran importancia nutricional y económica para México; sin embargo, como cualquier otro cultivo, a menudo se ve afectado por plagas y enfermedades que limitan su comercialización a nivel mundial. El hongo fitopatógeno Colletotrichum gloeosporioides es el agente causal de la antracnosis en el aguacate y se manifiesta en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo del fruto, así como en poscosecha y durante el almacenamiento, en condiciones de alta humedad relativa (80%) y temperaturas desde los 20 ◦C. Las pérdidas económicas a causa de este hongo pueden ser de hasta el 20% de la producción. En el presente estudio se aplicaron métodos geoestadísticos para definir la distribución espacial de antracnosis en frutos de aguacate cultivar Hass en cuatro municipios del Estado de México, durante el periodo de enero a junio de 2017. La distribución de la antracnosis se ajustó a modelos gaussianos y exponenciales en la mayoría de los casos. Los mapas de infestación realizados mediante krigeado muestran más de un centro de agregación de la enfermedad. Este análisis permitió estimar la superficie infestada: se encontró una infestación de más del 50% en los primeros muestreos y de hasta un 98% en los muestreos de junio en todas las zonas estudiadas. © 2019 Publicado por Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. en nombre de Asociacion Argentina de Microbiologıa. Este es un art´ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Persea americana is a species of great nutritional and economic importance for Mexico, however, like any other agricultural crop, it is affected by pests and diseases that limit its worldwide commercialization. The phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causative agent of anthracnose in avocado and manifests itself in the early stages of fruit development as well as in post-harvest and storage, under conditions of high relative humidity (80%) and at temperatures from 20°C, causing losses economic up to 20% of production. Applying geostatistical methods the present study aims to define the spatial distribution of anthracnose in Hass avocado fruits in four municipalities of the State of Mexico during the period from January to June 2017. The results show that the distribution of anthracnose was adjusted to gaussian and exponential models in most, the infestation maps made through the kriging show more than one centerof aggregation of the disease, based on it the infested surface was estimated, finding an infestation of more than 50% in the first samples and up to 98% in the samplings belonging to the month of June in all the areas studied. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Caracterización de extractos de piel y hojas de Persea americana Mill. y analisis in vitro de sus potenciales propiedades anti-inflamatorias / Characterization of Persea americana Mill. peels and leaves extracts and analysis of its potential in vitro anti-inflammatory properties

Existe una tendencia mundial de incremento en prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles, que se caracterizan por un estado pro-inflamatorio crónico. Por lo tanto, es importante estudiar la relación entre alimentos y salud. La palta (Persea americana), sobresale en la industria por su valor nutricional. El procesamiento de la palta genera gran cantidad de subproductos, que contienen bioactivos con propiedades beneficiosas, como polifenoles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar cuatro extractos de palto (acuoso e hidroalcohólico; de hoja y de cáscara) y analizar sus posibles propiedades anti-inflamatorias in vitro. Fueron determinados polifenoles totales (con el método de Folin­Ciocalteau) y capacidad antioxidante (por FRAP y DPPH) de los extractos. Las propiedades anti-inflamatorias de los extractos fueron determinadas por la liberación de NO y de TNF-, y por la expresión génica de TNF-. Los resultados indican que los extractos hidroalcohólicos presentan más polifenoles (p<0,001) y capacidad antioxidante (p<0,001, por FRAP) que los acuosos. Mas aún, observamos que los extractos hidroalcohólicos de hojas presentaron mayores efectos anti-inflamatorios in vitro, especialmente el hidroalcohólico de hoja en liberación de NO (p<0,001, frente a tratamiento con LPS), acuosos e hidroalcohólicos en liberación de TNF- (p<0,05), y solo los hidroalcohólicos en la expresión de TNF- (p<0,01). En conclusión, los extractos hidroalcohólicos de palto, y especialmente el de hoja, presentan propiedades anti-inflamatorias in vitro que pueden ser consideradas para aplicaciones en mejoría de salud humana.

There is a worldwide trend of increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases characterized by a chronic inflammatory state. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between food and health. Avocado (Persea americana) stands out in food industry for its nutritional value. Industrials process of avocado generates a large number of by-products, which contain phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties, such as polyphenols. The objective of the present research was to characterize four aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from avocado leaves and peels and analyze it possible anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Total polyphenol content (with the Folin-Ciocalteau method) and antioxidant capacity (by FRAP and DPPH) were determined. Extracts inflammatory features were measured by NO and TNF- release, and by TNF- gene expression. Our results indicated that hydroalcoholic extracts present higher total polyphenol content (p<0.001) and antioxidant capacity (p<0.001, by FRAP) than the aqueous ones. Furthermore, we report that hydroalcoholic leaves extract presented greater in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, especially the leave hydroalcoholic regarding NO release (p<0.001, against LPS treatment), aqueous and hydroalcoholics regarding TNF- release (p<0.05), and only the hydroalcoholic in the TNF- gene expression (p<0.01). In conclusion, the avocado hydroalcoholic extracts, and especially from leaves, present in vitro anti-inflammatory features that might be considered for human health improvement applications.

Banana anaphylaxis in Thailand: case series

BACKGROUND: Banana fruit has been recognized as an important food allergen source. Nowadays banana hypersensitivity had been reported more frequently with various presentations from oral allergy syndrome to anaphylaxis.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the pattern of banana hypersensitivity and the sensitivity of diagnostic test.METHODS: Six patients who experienced banana hypersensitivity were recruited from adult allergy clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University between 2015–2018. Demographic data, pattern of banana allergy consisted of the onset of reaction, symptoms, severity, cross-reactivity to kiwi, avocado, latex including type and amount of banana were collected. Skin test, serum specific IgE to banana and open-label food challenge test had been applied.RESULTS: All patients experienced multiple episodes of banana anaphylaxis. Regarding the diagnostic investigation, prick-to-prick skin test had higher sensitivity (sensitivity, 100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 54.07%–100%) than the commercial banana extract (sensitivity, 83.33%; 95% CI, 35.88%–99.58%) and serum specific IgE to banana (sensitivity, 50%; 95% CI, 11.81%–88.19%). The discordance between skin prick test using commercial banana extract and skin test was reported. The cross-reactivity between the species of banana, kiwi, the avocado was documented in all patients. Latex skin prick test and application test were applied with negative results. From the oral food challenge test, a case of banana anaphylaxis patient can tolerate heated banana.CONCLUSION: The various phenotypes of banana hypersensitivity were identified. The prick-to-prick test showed the highest sensitivity for diagnosis of banana allergy. However, component resolved diagnostics might be needed for conclusive diagnosis.

Diversidad genética de materiales nativos de aguacate guatemalteco a través del marcador molecular AFLP / Genetic diversity of native Guatemalan avocado through AFLP molecular marker

El aguacate es un cultivo de consumo a nivel mundial, y según teorías recientes, se sugiere a la región de la Sierra Nevada, en California, como centro de origen y, a Guatemala, como uno de los principales centros de domesticación. Mediante caracterizaciones morfológicas se ha reportado una alta diversidad genética en el país, pero debido al comportamiento de polinización cruzada e hibridaciones interraciales, no se ha podido detallar el estado genético actual de la especie. Sin embargo, los marcadores moleculares son útiles para este tipo de estudios al enfocarse en las diferencias a nivel del ADN. Este estudio analizó la diversidad genética del aguacate nativo guatemalteco de siete poblaciones geográficas con el marcador molecular AFLP. Los datos de estructura poblacional mostraron un alto grado de diversidad a nivel de individuos (Ht = 0.1933, Hw = 0.1872) y baja diferenciación entre poblaciones (Hb = 0.0061). Los resultados sugieren una alta tasa de migración que influye directamente en el grado de mezcla genética de los materiales analizados. El bajo índice de estructura poblacional apunta a un alto flujo genético entre las poblaciones, por lo que la especie no presenta mayor riesgo ante la deriva genética, minimizándose el riesgo de pérdida de alelos por fijación. Se sugiere el resguardado del recurso fitogénetico total y no únicamente de materiales promisorios, evitando así el riesgo de erosión genética de la especie y garantizando la permanencia de la diversidad genética, la cual será la base de futuros programas de mejoramiento.

Avocado is one of the most widely consumed crops worldwide and according to new theories, the Sierra Nevada region in California is suggested as the center of origin and Guatemala as one of the main domestication cen-ters. Through morphological characterizations, a high genetic diversity has been reported in the country, but due to the behavior of cross pollination and interracial hybridizations, it has not been possible to detail the current genetic status of the species. Molecular markers are useful for this type of study by focusing on differences at DNA level. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of the native Guatemalan avocado from seven geographic populations with AFLP molecular marker. Population structure data showed a high degree of diversity at the individual level (Ht = 0.1933, Hw = 0.1872) and low differentiation between populations (Hb = 0.0061). The results suggest a high rate of migration that directly influences the degree of genetic mixing of the analyzed materials. The low index of population structure points to a high genetic flow between populations, so that the species does not present a greater risk due to genetic drift, minimizing the risk of loss of alleles due to fixation. The protection of the total genetic resource is suggested, and not only of promising materials, thus avoiding the risk of genetic erosion of the species and guaranteeing the permanence of genetic diversity, which will be the basis of future breeding programs.

Palta: compuestos bioactivos y sus potenciales beneficios en salud / Bioactive compounds and potential health benefits of avocado

RESUMEN La palta es un tipo de fruta tropical autóctona de Guatemala y México, caracterizada por su alto contenido de lípidos, principalmente por ácido oleico (>50% de lípidos totales) y rica en fitoquímicos como vitamina E, carotenoides, polifenoles y luteína, compuestos asociados a una fuerte actividad antioxidante. El consumo mundial de palta muestra un crecimiento exponencial, por lo que resulta relevante aumentar la investigación de este fruto no sólo de la pulpa, sino también de su semilla, e investigar el potencial impacto en la salud cardiovascular, cáncer y otras actividades antipatógenas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sugerir con fundamento científico el consumo de este fruto, tanto de su pulpa como semilla, principalmente en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas.

ABSTRACT Avocado is a type of tropical fruit native to Guatemala and Mexico. It is characterized by its high lipid, mainly oleic acid (> 50% of total lipids), content and rich in phytochemicals such as vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols and lutein, compounds associated with strong antioxidant activity. Worldwide avocado consumption shows an exponential growth, therefore it is important to investigate, not only the pulp, but also the seed, of this fruit and its potential impact on cardiovascular health, cancer and other antipathogenic activities. The objective of this review was to suggest with scientific support the consumption of this fruit, both of its pulp and seed, mainly in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Avaliação do estado oxidação dos óleos de abacate, azeite e arroz / Oxidation state evaluation of the avocado, olive and rice oils

O estado de oxidação é um importante aspecto relacionado à qualidade nutricional e sensorial dos óleos vegetais, que pode limitar a utilização dos mesmos. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o estado oxidação de óleo de abacate produzido nacionalmente, comparativamente a azeite de oliva extra virgem e a óleo de arroz refinado. Avaliaram-se nos produtos os índices de peróxidos, p-anisidina e coeficiente de extinção específica (K232 e K270). Os resultados indicaram que, de um modo geral, as amostras lipídicas mostravam bom estado de conservação, tanto em relação a produtos primários quanto secundários de oxidação. Entretanto, com base na legislação para azeite de oliva, pode-se inferir que o óleo de arroz apresentava elevado valor para produtos de oxidação secundários, expressos pelo K270. O óleo de abacate mostrou os mais baixos valores em todas as determinações realizadas, portanto, indicando estar em ótimo estado de conservação em relação à presença de produtos de oxidação.

Efeito da forma de aquecimento em parâmetros de qualidade e identidade de óleos vegetais / Effect of the heating means in quality and identity parameters of vegetable oils

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar parâmetros de identidade e qualidade de óleo de abacate produzido nacionalmente, comparativamente a azeite de oliva e óleo de arroz, após aquecimento em bloco digestor ou micro-ondas. Avaliaram-se amostras sem aquecimento (controle) e aquecidas por 1:30 h em bloco digestor ou 3 min em micro-ondas. Determinaram-se a acidez e os índices iodo e refração. Os resultados indicaram que houve aumento de acidez, redução no índice de iodo e índice de refração após o aquecimento. Apesar do maior valor de acidez após o aquecimento, o óleo de abacate sofreu menor elevação em relação ao controle (cerca de 4 vezes) do que as demais amostras. O impacto do aquecimento foi maior no óleo de arroz, seguido do azeite de oliva. O aquecimento por micro-ondas afetou mais a qualidade das amostras que o aquecimento em bloco digestor.

Estabilidade térmica de pigmentos em óleo de abacate, arroz e azeite de oliva / Thermal stability of pigments in avocado, rice and olive oil

Sabe-se que o aquecimento do óleo pode alterar sua composição, degradando ácidos graxos e compostos minoritários. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade térmica dos pigmentos carotenoides e clorofilas no óleo de abacate produzido nacionalmente, em comparação com óleo de arroz e azeite de oliva após aquecimento a 180 ºC em micro-ondas, por 3, 6, 9 e 12 minutos. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre as amostras em todos os tempos de análise, tanto para clorofilas quanto para carotenoides. Na avaliação ao longo do tempo de aquecimento somente foi verificada alteração significativa no teor de clorofilas do azeite de oliva, ainda que no óleo de abacate os percentuais de perda tenham sido maiores. Verificou-se que os teores dos pigmentos avaliados foram significativamente maiores no óleo de abacate em relação ao azeite de oliva e o óleo de arroz, mesmo após o aquecimento por 12 minutos. Destaca-se a importância destas informações para estimular o consumo do óleo de abacate.

Effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on periodontal repair in rats with arthritis and induced periodontitis

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on periodontal repair in rats with induced periodontitis and arthritis. Methodology: Forty-five rats were submitted to periodontitis induction by insertion of ligatures into the upper second molars, maintained for 15 days. These animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups according to the presence of induced arthritis (ART) and the application of the ASU: Control (CTR) group-healthy animals, where saline solution was administered; ART-animals with induced arthritis, where saline solution was administered; ART/ASU-animals with induced arthritis, where ASU (0.6 mg/ kg) was administered. The drugs were administered daily by gavage and the animals were euthanized after 7, 15 and 30 days of the ligature removal. Bone resorption, inflammatory infiltrate composition and marker proteins expression of the differentiation and formation of osteoclasts (RANKL and TRAP) were assessed. Results: The ART/ASU group presented higher bone volume than the ART group at 7 and 30 days after the ligature removal. Furthermore, the ART group presented higher quantity of inflammatory cells and expression of TRAP and RANKL than the other groups. Conclusion: ASU administration improves the repair of periodontal tissues in an experimental periodontitis model in rats with induced arthritis.

Produção de biodiesel usando blend de óleo de abacate e de soja / Production of biodiesel using blend of avocado oil and soybean oil

A crescente preocupação com questões ambientais vem criando a busca por fontes alternativas de combustíveis que sejam renováveis e não agridam o meio-ambiente. Com este pensamento, a elaboração de biodiesel com misturas de óleos vegetais (blend) é um processo que apresenta todos os requisitos necessários para a fabricação de um biocombustível seguro e dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela legislação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fabricação de biodiesel de óleo de soja misturado com óleo de abacate. Elaboraram se duas formulações de biodiesel com misturas de óleos vegetais: 50% de óleo de soja refinado e 50% de óleo de abacate refinado (F1) e 80% de óleo de soja refinado e 20% de óleo de abacate refinado (F2). Para comparação com o biodiesel derivado da mistura de óleos vegetais, foi efetuada a elaboração de biodiesel de óleo de soja (100%) (R1, R2 e R3). Os resultados das análises físico-químicas apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões especificados, com pequenas diferenças nas viscosidades analisadas. O biodiesel blend referente à formulação (F1) não apresentou separação de fases. A formulação (F2) apresentou um rendimento de 49,65%, próximo do biodiesel de soja, que foi de 53,79%, o que justifica sua elaboração, desde que o álcool anidro em excesso seja recuperado e a glicerina obtida purificada, reduzindo as perdas e os custos, viabilizando o processo de obtenção do biodiesel blend de soja e abacate.

The growing concern about environmental issues has created a search for alternative sources of fuel which are renewable and do not harm the environment. The elaboration of biodiesel with mixtures of vegetable oils (blend) is a process that possibly presents all the necessary requirements for the manufacture of a safe biofuel and within the parameters established by the legislation. The objective of this work was to study the of biodiesel production of soybean oil mixed with avocado oil. Two formulations of biodiesel were prepared with mixtures of vegetable oils: 50% refined soybean oil and 50% refined avocado oil (F1) and 80% refined soybean oil and 20% refined avocado oil (F2). In order to compare biodiesel derived from the blend of vegetable oils, soybean oil biodiesel was produced (100%) (R1, R2 and R3). The results of the physical chemical analyzes were within the specified standards, with small differences in the analyzed viscosities. The biodiesel blend (F1) did not show phase separation. The formulation (F2) presented a yield of 49.65%, close to soybean biodiesel, which was 53.79%, which justifies its elaboration, as long as the excess anhydrous alcohol is recovered and the obtained glycerin purified, reducing losses and the costs, enabling the process of obtaining of biodiesel blend of soy and avocado.

Influence of spray drying process on the quality of avocado powder: a functional food with great industrial potential / Influencia del proceso de secado por aspersión en la calidad del polvo de aguacate: un alimento funcional con gran potencial industrial

Background: Colombia is the fifth largest producer of avocado and its agribusiness chain lacks value-added diversified products; therefore, at the governmental level, there has been promotion of internationalization policies aimed at opening up new markets and innovation with improved technology and food consumption patterns. The spray drying is an alternative conservation for avocado, a highly perishable fruit. Objectives: the aim of this study was to optimize the spray drying process for obtaining Hass avocado powder with better physicochemical properties and processing. Methods: an experimental design "Optimal" was used in the response surface methodology based on four factors: (A) maltodextrin (MD) concentration (2.81 to 11.25% w/w), (B) air inlet temperature (140-160°C), (C) outlet air temperature (80-90°C) and (D) atomizer disk speed (20000-26000 rpm). Results: the response variables where statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found including: moisture, water activity, solubility, color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) hygroscopicity, wettability, extractable oil and deposit formation versus factors studied. Optimized value factors were: (A) 6.93% (B) 160°C (C) 84°C and (D) 26000 rpm. Conclusions: the experimental process optimization is presented as an effective tool for agribusiness, which improves product quality in terms of the factors that affect it, and in the case of avocado, allows the development of new value-added products, with potential uses in the food industry, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, among others.

Antecedentes: Colombia es el quinto productor de aguacate y su cadena de agronegocios no cuenta con suficientes productos diversificados de valor agregado; por lo tanto, a nivel gubernamental, se han promovido políticas de internacionalización dirigidas a abrir nuevos mercados e innovación con tecnología mejorada y con patrones en el consumo de alimentos. El secado por aspersión es una alternativa de conservación del aguacate, una fruta altamente perecedera. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue optimizar el proceso de secado por atomización para obtener polvo de aguacate Hass con mejores propiedades fisicoquímicas y de procesamiento. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño experimental "optimización" en la metodología de superficie de respuesta basado en cuatro factores: (A) concentración de maltodextrina (MD) (2,81 a 11,25% p/p), (B) temperatura del aire de entrada (140-160°C), (C) temperatura del aire de salida (80-90°C) y (D) velocidad del disco del atomizador (20000-26000 rpm). Resultados: las variables de respuesta donde se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) incluyen: humedad, actividad del agua, solubilidad, coordenadas de color (L*, a*, b*), higroscopicidad, humectabilidad, extracción de aceite y formación de depósitos frente a los factores estudiados. Los factores de valor optimizados fueron: (A) 6.93% (B) 160°C (C) 84°C y (D) 26000 rpm. Conclusiones: la optimización del proceso experimental se presenta como una herramienta efectiva para los agronegocios, que mejora la calidad del producto en términos de los factores que lo afectan, y en el caso del aguacate, permite el desarrollo de nuevos productos de valor agregado, con posibles usos en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica, cosmecéutica, entre otras.

Colletotrichum fructicola, a Member of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, is the Causal Agent of Anthracnose and Soft Rot in Avocado Fruits cv. “Hass”

The filamentous Ascomycota Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato is a fungus that has been reported worldwide as a causal agent of anthracnose disease in avocado and other crops. In Mexico, this species affects fruits from an early stage of development in the orchard until the post-harvest stage. Although fungicides are continuously applied to control Colletotrichum species, pericarp cankers and soft rot mesocarp in fruits are still frequently observed. Considering the lack of a precise description of the causative agent, the aim of the current study was to determine the pathogens involved in this symptomatology. Twenty-four isolates were consistently obtained from the pericarp of avocado fruits cv. “Hass” collected in the central avocado-producing area of Mexico. Morphological features such as colony growth, conidia size, and mycelial appressorium were assessed. Bayesian multilocus phylogenetic analyses were performed using amplified sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; actin, chitin synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase partial genes; and APn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and mating type Mat1-2 partial gene from the nine selected isolates. In addition, fruits were inoculated with a conidial suspension and reproducible symptoms confirmed the presence of Colletotrichum fructicola in this area. This pathogenic species can now be added to those previously reported in the country, such as C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. godetiae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. karstii. Disease management programs to reduce the incidence of anthracnose should include C. fructicola to determine its response to fungicides that are routinely applied, considering that the appearance of new species is affecting the commercial quality of the fruits and shifting the original population structure.

Inclusión de semillas de aguacate (Persea americana) en la dieta para mejorar el metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos en ratas / Inclusion of avocado (Persea americana) seeds in the diet to improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rats

The effects of avocado seeds (A) inclusion (2%, 4% and 8%) in diets on cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism in normal rats Sprague Dawley (SD) fed on basal diet (BD) or high sucrose diet (HSD) and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) fed on BD were studied. The inclusion of avocado seeds in the diet influences the feeding and growth performance in rats. The inclusion of A lowered (p < 0.05) cholesterol at 2% and 4% doses and glucose at 2% in serum of SD rats fed on BD, whereas only serum cholesterol level was reduced at all the three doses in SHR. Increased liver glycogen (p < 0.05) was noted in SD rats fed on BD with 8% A. All avocado seeds doses increased (p < 0.05) liver glycogen storage in SHR fed on BD and SD rats fed on HSD. Avocado seeds can lower blood glucose and cholesterol and enhance liver glycogen storage in rats.

Los efectos de la inclusión de semillas de aguacate (A) (2%, 4% y 8%) en dietas sobre el metabolismo del colesterol y carbohidratos en ratas normales Sprague Dawley (SD) alimentados con dieta basal (BD) o dieta con alto contenido en sacarosa (HSD) se estudiaron las ratas hipertensas (SHR) alimentadas con BD. La inclusión de las semillas de aguacate en la dieta influye en la alimentación y el crecimiento en ratas. La inclusión de A disminuyó (p < 0,05) el colesterol a dosis del 2 y el 4% y glucosa al 2% en suero de ratas SD alimentadas con BD, mientras que solo el nivel de colesterol sérico se redujo en todas las 3 dosis en SHR. Se observó un aumento del glucógeno hepático (p < 0,05) en ratas SD alimentadas con BD con un 8% de A. Todas las dosis de semillas de aguacate aumentaron (p< 0,05) el almacenamiento de glucógeno hepático en SHR alimentado con BD y SD alimentadas con HSD. Las semillas de aguacate pueden reducir la glucosa y el colesterol en la sangre, y aumentar el almacenamiento de glucógeno hepático en ratas.